diff --git a/src/main/scala/net/psforever/objects/ExplosiveDeployable.scala b/src/main/scala/net/psforever/objects/ExplosiveDeployable.scala
index 812fd4072..56ed5fca4 100644
--- a/src/main/scala/net/psforever/objects/ExplosiveDeployable.scala
+++ b/src/main/scala/net/psforever/objects/ExplosiveDeployable.scala
@@ -7,11 +7,12 @@ import net.psforever.objects.ce._
 import net.psforever.objects.definition.{ComplexDeployableDefinition, SimpleDeployableDefinition}
 import net.psforever.objects.definition.converter.SmallDeployableConverter
 import net.psforever.objects.equipment.JammableUnit
+import net.psforever.objects.serverobject.affinity.FactionAffinity
 import net.psforever.objects.serverobject.{CommonMessages, PlanetSideServerObject}
 import net.psforever.objects.serverobject.damage.{Damageable, DamageableEntity}
 import net.psforever.objects.serverobject.damage.Damageable.Target
 import net.psforever.objects.vital.resolution.ResolutionCalculations.Output
-import net.psforever.objects.vital.SimpleResolutions
+import net.psforever.objects.vital.{SimpleResolutions, Vitality}
 import net.psforever.objects.vital.etc.TriggerUsedReason
 import net.psforever.objects.vital.interaction.{DamageInteraction, DamageResult}
 import net.psforever.objects.vital.projectile.ProjectileReason
@@ -96,13 +97,33 @@ class ExplosiveDeployableControl(mine: ExplosiveDeployable) extends Actor with D
       val originalHealth = mine.Health
       val cause          = applyDamageTo(mine)
       val damage         = originalHealth - mine.Health
-      if (Damageable.CanDamageOrJammer(mine, damage, cause.interaction)) {
+      if (CanDetonate(mine, damage, cause.interaction)) {
         ExplosiveDeployableControl.DamageResolution(mine, cause, damage)
       } else {
         mine.Health = originalHealth
       }
     }
   }
+
+  /**
+    * A supplement for checking target susceptibility
+    * to account for sympathetic explosives even if there is no damage.
+    * This does not supercede other underlying checks or undo prior damage checks.
+    * @see `Damageable.CanDamageOrJammer`
+    * @see `DamageProperties.SympatheticExplosives`
+    * @param obj the entity being damaged
+    * @param damage the amount of damage
+    * @param data historical information about the damage
+    * @return `true`, if the target can be affected;
+    *        `false`, otherwise
+    */
+  def CanDetonate(obj: Vitality with FactionAffinity, damage: Int, data: DamageInteraction): Boolean = {
+    if (damage == 0 && data.cause.source.SympatheticExplosion) {
+      Damageable.CanDamageOrJammer(mine, damage = 1, data)
+    } else {
+      Damageable.CanDamageOrJammer(mine, damage, data)
+    }
+  }
 }
 
 object ExplosiveDeployableControl {
diff --git a/src/main/scala/net/psforever/objects/GlobalDefinitions.scala b/src/main/scala/net/psforever/objects/GlobalDefinitions.scala
index 18d126666..62373100a 100644
--- a/src/main/scala/net/psforever/objects/GlobalDefinitions.scala
+++ b/src/main/scala/net/psforever/objects/GlobalDefinitions.scala
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@ import net.psforever.objects.serverobject.turret.{FacilityTurretDefinition, Turr
 import net.psforever.objects.vehicles.{DestroyedVehicle, InternalTelepadDefinition, SeatArmorRestriction, UtilityType}
 import net.psforever.objects.vital.base.DamageType
 import net.psforever.objects.vital.damage._
+import net.psforever.objects.vital.etc.ExplodingRadialDegrade
 import net.psforever.objects.vital.projectile._
 import net.psforever.objects.vital.prop.DamageWithPosition
 import net.psforever.objects.vital.{ComplexDeployableResolutions, MaxResolutions, SimpleResolutions}
@@ -5626,7 +5627,7 @@ object GlobalDefinitions {
       Damage1 = 225
       DamageRadius = 5
       DamageAtEdge = 0.2f
-      Modifiers = RadialDegrade
+      Modifiers = ExplodingRadialDegrade
     }
     fury.DrownAtMaxDepth = true
     fury.MaxDepth = 1.3f
@@ -5657,7 +5658,7 @@ object GlobalDefinitions {
       Damage1 = 225
       DamageRadius = 5
       DamageAtEdge = 0.2f
-      Modifiers = RadialDegrade
+      Modifiers = ExplodingRadialDegrade
     }
     quadassault.DrownAtMaxDepth = true
     quadassault.MaxDepth = 1.3f
@@ -5688,7 +5689,7 @@ object GlobalDefinitions {
       Damage1 = 225
       DamageRadius = 5
       DamageAtEdge = 0.2f
-      Modifiers = RadialDegrade
+      Modifiers = ExplodingRadialDegrade
     }
     quadstealth.DrownAtMaxDepth = true
     quadstealth.MaxDepth = 1.25f
@@ -5721,7 +5722,7 @@ object GlobalDefinitions {
       Damage1 = 300
       DamageRadius = 8
       DamageAtEdge = 0.2f
-      Modifiers = RadialDegrade
+      Modifiers = ExplodingRadialDegrade
     }
     two_man_assault_buggy.DrownAtMaxDepth = true
     two_man_assault_buggy.MaxDepth = 1.5f
@@ -5756,7 +5757,7 @@ object GlobalDefinitions {
       Damage1 = 300
       DamageRadius = 8
       DamageAtEdge = 0.2f
-      Modifiers = RadialDegrade
+      Modifiers = ExplodingRadialDegrade
     }
     skyguard.DrownAtMaxDepth = true
     skyguard.MaxDepth = 1.5f
@@ -5795,7 +5796,7 @@ object GlobalDefinitions {
       Damage1 = 300
       DamageRadius = 10
       DamageAtEdge = 0.2f
-      Modifiers = RadialDegrade
+      Modifiers = ExplodingRadialDegrade
     }
     threemanheavybuggy.DrownAtMaxDepth = true
     threemanheavybuggy.MaxDepth = 1.83f
@@ -5829,7 +5830,7 @@ object GlobalDefinitions {
       Damage1 = 300
       DamageRadius = 8
       DamageAtEdge = 0.2f
-      Modifiers = RadialDegrade
+      Modifiers = ExplodingRadialDegrade
     }
     twomanheavybuggy.DrownAtMaxDepth = true
     twomanheavybuggy.MaxDepth = 1.95f
@@ -5863,7 +5864,7 @@ object GlobalDefinitions {
       Damage1 = 300
       DamageRadius = 10
       DamageAtEdge = 0.2f
-      Modifiers = RadialDegrade
+      Modifiers = ExplodingRadialDegrade
     }
     twomanhoverbuggy.DrownAtMaxDepth = true
     twomanhoverbuggy.UnderwaterLifespan(suffocation = 45000L, recovery = 5000L) //but the thresher hovers over water, so ...?
@@ -5903,7 +5904,7 @@ object GlobalDefinitions {
       Damage1 = 300
       DamageRadius = 12
       DamageAtEdge = 0.2f
-      Modifiers = RadialDegrade
+      Modifiers = ExplodingRadialDegrade
     }
     mediumtransport.DrownAtMaxDepth = false
     mediumtransport.MaxDepth = 1.2f
@@ -5947,7 +5948,7 @@ object GlobalDefinitions {
       Damage1 = 300
       DamageRadius = 12
       DamageAtEdge = 0.2f
-      Modifiers = RadialDegrade
+      Modifiers = ExplodingRadialDegrade
     }
     battlewagon.DrownAtMaxDepth = true
     battlewagon.MaxDepth = 1.2f
@@ -5988,7 +5989,7 @@ object GlobalDefinitions {
       Damage1 = 300
       DamageRadius = 12
       DamageAtEdge = 0.2f
-      Modifiers = RadialDegrade
+      Modifiers = ExplodingRadialDegrade
     }
     thunderer.DrownAtMaxDepth = true
     thunderer.MaxDepth = 1.2f
@@ -6029,7 +6030,7 @@ object GlobalDefinitions {
       Damage1 = 300
       DamageRadius = 12
       DamageAtEdge = 0.2f
-      Modifiers = RadialDegrade
+      Modifiers = ExplodingRadialDegrade
     }
     aurora.DrownAtMaxDepth = true
     aurora.MaxDepth = 1.2f
@@ -6093,7 +6094,7 @@ object GlobalDefinitions {
       Damage1 = 450
       DamageRadius = 15
       DamageAtEdge = 0.2f
-      Modifiers = RadialDegrade
+      Modifiers = ExplodingRadialDegrade
     }
     apc_tr.DrownAtMaxDepth = true
     apc_tr.MaxDepth = 3
@@ -6157,7 +6158,7 @@ object GlobalDefinitions {
       Damage1 = 450
       DamageRadius = 15
       DamageAtEdge = 0.2f
-      Modifiers = RadialDegrade
+      Modifiers = ExplodingRadialDegrade
     }
     apc_nc.DrownAtMaxDepth = true
     apc_nc.MaxDepth = 3
@@ -6221,7 +6222,7 @@ object GlobalDefinitions {
       Damage1 = 450
       DamageRadius = 15
       DamageAtEdge = 0.2f
-      Modifiers = RadialDegrade
+      Modifiers = ExplodingRadialDegrade
     }
     apc_vs.DrownAtMaxDepth = true
     apc_vs.MaxDepth = 3
@@ -6253,7 +6254,7 @@ object GlobalDefinitions {
       Damage1 = 375
       DamageRadius = 10
       DamageAtEdge = 0.2f
-      Modifiers = RadialDegrade
+      Modifiers = ExplodingRadialDegrade
     }
     lightning.DrownAtMaxDepth = true
     lightning.MaxDepth = 1.38f
@@ -6290,7 +6291,7 @@ object GlobalDefinitions {
       Damage1 = 375
       DamageRadius = 12
       DamageAtEdge = 0.2f
-      Modifiers = RadialDegrade
+      Modifiers = ExplodingRadialDegrade
     }
     prowler.DrownAtMaxDepth = true
     prowler.MaxDepth = 3
@@ -6323,7 +6324,7 @@ object GlobalDefinitions {
       Damage1 = 375
       DamageRadius = 12
       DamageAtEdge = 0.2f
-      Modifiers = RadialDegrade
+      Modifiers = ExplodingRadialDegrade
     }
     vanguard.DrownAtMaxDepth = true
     vanguard.MaxDepth = 2.7f
@@ -6358,7 +6359,7 @@ object GlobalDefinitions {
       Damage1 = 375
       DamageRadius = 12
       DamageAtEdge = 0.2f
-      Modifiers = RadialDegrade
+      Modifiers = ExplodingRadialDegrade
     }
     magrider.DrownAtMaxDepth = true
     magrider.MaxDepth = 2
@@ -6391,7 +6392,7 @@ object GlobalDefinitions {
       Damage1 = 450
       DamageRadius = 12
       DamageAtEdge = 0.2f
-      Modifiers = RadialDegrade
+      Modifiers = ExplodingRadialDegrade
     }
     ant.DrownAtMaxDepth = true
     ant.MaxDepth = 2
@@ -6427,7 +6428,7 @@ object GlobalDefinitions {
       Damage1 = 450
       DamageRadius = 15
       DamageAtEdge = 0.2f
-      Modifiers = RadialDegrade
+      Modifiers = ExplodingRadialDegrade
     }
     ams.DrownAtMaxDepth = true
     ams.MaxDepth = 3
@@ -6463,7 +6464,7 @@ object GlobalDefinitions {
       Damage1 = 300
       DamageRadius = 10
       DamageAtEdge = 0.2f
-      Modifiers = RadialDegrade
+      Modifiers = ExplodingRadialDegrade
     }
     router.DrownAtMaxDepth = true
     router.MaxDepth = 2
@@ -6499,7 +6500,7 @@ object GlobalDefinitions {
       Damage1 = 300
       DamageRadius = 10
       DamageAtEdge = 0.2f
-      Modifiers = RadialDegrade
+      Modifiers = ExplodingRadialDegrade
     }
     switchblade.DrownAtMaxDepth = true
     switchblade.MaxDepth = 2
@@ -6533,7 +6534,7 @@ object GlobalDefinitions {
       Damage1 = 300
       DamageRadius = 10
       DamageAtEdge = 0.2f
-      Modifiers = RadialDegrade
+      Modifiers = ExplodingRadialDegrade
     }
     flail.DrownAtMaxDepth = true
     flail.MaxDepth = 2
@@ -6567,7 +6568,7 @@ object GlobalDefinitions {
       Damage1 = 300
       DamageRadius = 10
       DamageAtEdge = 0.2f
-      Modifiers = RadialDegrade
+      Modifiers = ExplodingRadialDegrade
     }
     mosquito.DrownAtMaxDepth = true
     mosquito.MaxDepth = 2 //flying vehicles will automatically disable
@@ -6601,7 +6602,7 @@ object GlobalDefinitions {
       Damage1 = 375
       DamageRadius = 12
       DamageAtEdge = 0.2f
-      Modifiers = RadialDegrade
+      Modifiers = ExplodingRadialDegrade
     }
     lightgunship.DrownAtMaxDepth = true
     lightgunship.MaxDepth = 2 //flying vehicles will automatically disable
@@ -6634,7 +6635,7 @@ object GlobalDefinitions {
       Damage1 = 300
       DamageRadius = 10
       DamageAtEdge = 0.2f
-      Modifiers = RadialDegrade
+      Modifiers = ExplodingRadialDegrade
     }
     wasp.DrownAtMaxDepth = true
     wasp.MaxDepth = 2 //flying vehicles will automatically disable
@@ -6675,7 +6676,7 @@ object GlobalDefinitions {
       Damage1 = 375
       DamageRadius = 12
       DamageAtEdge = 0.2f
-      Modifiers = RadialDegrade
+      Modifiers = ExplodingRadialDegrade
     }
     liberator.DrownAtMaxDepth = true
     liberator.MaxDepth = 2 //flying vehicles will automatically disable
@@ -6717,7 +6718,7 @@ object GlobalDefinitions {
       Damage1 = 375
       DamageRadius = 12
       DamageAtEdge = 0.2f
-      Modifiers = RadialDegrade
+      Modifiers = ExplodingRadialDegrade
     }
     vulture.DrownAtMaxDepth = true
     vulture.MaxDepth = 2 //flying vehicles will automatically disable
@@ -6791,7 +6792,7 @@ object GlobalDefinitions {
       Damage1 = 450
       DamageRadius = 30
       DamageAtEdge = 0.2f
-      Modifiers = RadialDegrade
+      Modifiers = ExplodingRadialDegrade
     }
     dropship.DrownAtMaxDepth = true
     dropship.MaxDepth = 2
@@ -6844,7 +6845,7 @@ object GlobalDefinitions {
       Damage1 = 450
       DamageRadius = 30
       DamageAtEdge = 0.2f
-      Modifiers = RadialDegrade
+      Modifiers = ExplodingRadialDegrade
     }
     galaxy_gunship.DrownAtMaxDepth = true
     galaxy_gunship.MaxDepth = 2
@@ -6885,7 +6886,7 @@ object GlobalDefinitions {
       Damage1 = 450
       DamageRadius = 30
       DamageAtEdge = 0.2f
-      Modifiers = RadialDegrade
+      Modifiers = ExplodingRadialDegrade
     }
     lodestar.DrownAtMaxDepth = true
     lodestar.MaxDepth = 2
@@ -6927,7 +6928,7 @@ object GlobalDefinitions {
       Damage1 = 150
       DamageRadius = 12
       DamageAtEdge = 0.2f
-      Modifiers = RadialDegrade
+      Modifiers = ExplodingRadialDegrade
     }
     phantasm.DrownAtMaxDepth = true
     phantasm.MaxDepth = 2
@@ -6969,7 +6970,7 @@ object GlobalDefinitions {
       Damage4 = 1850
       DamageRadius = 5.1f
       DamageAtEdge = 0.1f
-      Modifiers = RadialDegrade
+      Modifiers = ExplodingRadialDegrade
     }
 
     he_mine.Name = "he_mine"
@@ -6990,7 +6991,7 @@ object GlobalDefinitions {
       Damage4 = 1600
       DamageRadius = 6.6f
       DamageAtEdge = 0.25f
-      Modifiers = RadialDegrade
+      Modifiers = ExplodingRadialDegrade
     }
 
     jammer_mine.Name = "jammer_mine"
@@ -7022,7 +7023,7 @@ object GlobalDefinitions {
       Damage1 = 300
       DamageRadius = 8
       DamageAtEdge = 0.2f
-      Modifiers = RadialDegrade
+      Modifiers = ExplodingRadialDegrade
     }
 
     spitfire_cloaked.Name = "spitfire_cloaked"
@@ -7044,7 +7045,7 @@ object GlobalDefinitions {
       Damage1 = 75
       DamageRadius = 8
       DamageAtEdge = 0.2f
-      Modifiers = RadialDegrade
+      Modifiers = ExplodingRadialDegrade
     }
 
     spitfire_aa.Name = "spitfire_aa"
@@ -7066,7 +7067,7 @@ object GlobalDefinitions {
       Damage1 = 300
       DamageRadius = 8
       DamageAtEdge = 0.2f
-      Modifiers = RadialDegrade
+      Modifiers = ExplodingRadialDegrade
     }
 
     motionalarmsensor.Name = "motionalarmsensor"
@@ -7100,7 +7101,7 @@ object GlobalDefinitions {
       Damage1 = 10
       DamageRadius = 8
       DamageAtEdge = 0.2f
-      Modifiers = RadialDegrade
+      Modifiers = ExplodingRadialDegrade
     }
 
     val fieldTurretConverter = new FieldTurretConverter
@@ -7127,7 +7128,7 @@ object GlobalDefinitions {
       Damage1 = 300
       DamageRadius = 8
       DamageAtEdge = 0.1f
-      Modifiers = RadialDegrade
+      Modifiers = ExplodingRadialDegrade
     }
 
     portable_manned_turret_nc.Name = "portable_manned_turret_nc"
@@ -7153,7 +7154,7 @@ object GlobalDefinitions {
       Damage1 = 300
       DamageRadius = 8
       DamageAtEdge = 0.1f
-      Modifiers = RadialDegrade
+      Modifiers = ExplodingRadialDegrade
     }
 
     portable_manned_turret_tr.Name = "portable_manned_turret_tr"
@@ -7179,7 +7180,7 @@ object GlobalDefinitions {
       Damage1 = 300
       DamageRadius = 8
       DamageAtEdge = 0.1f
-      Modifiers = RadialDegrade
+      Modifiers = ExplodingRadialDegrade
     }
 
     portable_manned_turret_vs.Name = "portable_manned_turret_vs"
@@ -7205,7 +7206,7 @@ object GlobalDefinitions {
       Damage1 = 300
       DamageRadius = 8
       DamageAtEdge = 0.1f
-      Modifiers = RadialDegrade
+      Modifiers = ExplodingRadialDegrade
     }
 
     deployable_shield_generator.Name = "deployable_shield_generator"
@@ -7668,7 +7669,7 @@ object GlobalDefinitions {
       Damage1 = 300
       DamageRadius = 5
       DamageAtEdge = 0.1f
-      Modifiers = RadialDegrade
+      Modifiers = ExplodingRadialDegrade
     }
 
     vanu_sentry_turret.Name = "vanu_sentry_turret"
@@ -7770,7 +7771,7 @@ object GlobalDefinitions {
       DamageRadius = 15.75f
       DamageRadiusMin = 14
       DamageAtEdge = 0.00002f
-      Modifiers = RadialDegrade
+      Modifiers = ExplodingRadialDegrade
       //damage is 99999 at 14m, dropping rapidly to ~1 at 15.75m
     }
   }
diff --git a/src/main/scala/net/psforever/objects/ballistics/PlayerSource.scala b/src/main/scala/net/psforever/objects/ballistics/PlayerSource.scala
index 5413f325f..0a2d21205 100644
--- a/src/main/scala/net/psforever/objects/ballistics/PlayerSource.scala
+++ b/src/main/scala/net/psforever/objects/ballistics/PlayerSource.scala
@@ -18,6 +18,8 @@ final case class PlayerSource(
     position: Vector3,
     orientation: Vector3,
     velocity: Option[Vector3],
+    crouching: Boolean,
+    jumping: Boolean,
     modifiers: ResistanceProfile
 ) extends SourceEntry {
   override def Name    = name
@@ -48,6 +50,8 @@ object PlayerSource {
       tplayer.Position,
       tplayer.Orientation,
       tplayer.Velocity,
+      tplayer.Crouching,
+      tplayer.Jumping,
       ExoSuitDefinition.Select(tplayer.ExoSuit, tplayer.Faction)
     )
   }
diff --git a/src/main/scala/net/psforever/objects/definition/AvatarDefinition.scala b/src/main/scala/net/psforever/objects/definition/AvatarDefinition.scala
index da18c0985..f99de8847 100644
--- a/src/main/scala/net/psforever/objects/definition/AvatarDefinition.scala
+++ b/src/main/scala/net/psforever/objects/definition/AvatarDefinition.scala
@@ -3,15 +3,17 @@ package net.psforever.objects.definition
 
 import net.psforever.objects.avatar.Avatars
 import net.psforever.objects.definition.converter.AvatarConverter
+import net.psforever.objects.geometry.GeometryForm
 import net.psforever.objects.vital.VitalityDefinition
 
 /**
-  * The definition for game objects that look like other people, and also for players.
-  * @param objectId the object's identifier number
+  * The definition for game objects that look like players.
+  * @param objectId the object type number
   */
 class AvatarDefinition(objectId: Int) extends ObjectDefinition(objectId) with VitalityDefinition {
   Avatars(objectId) //let throw NoSuchElementException
   Packet = AvatarDefinition.converter
+  Geometry = GeometryForm.representPlayerByCylinder(radius = 1.6f)
 }
 
 object AvatarDefinition {
diff --git a/src/main/scala/net/psforever/objects/definition/ObjectDefinition.scala b/src/main/scala/net/psforever/objects/definition/ObjectDefinition.scala
index 29e7609cd..5378b5224 100644
--- a/src/main/scala/net/psforever/objects/definition/ObjectDefinition.scala
+++ b/src/main/scala/net/psforever/objects/definition/ObjectDefinition.scala
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ package net.psforever.objects.definition
 
 import net.psforever.objects.PlanetSideGameObject
 import net.psforever.objects.definition.converter.{ObjectCreateConverter, PacketConverter}
+import net.psforever.objects.geometry.{Geometry3D, GeometryForm}
 import net.psforever.types.OxygenState
 
 /**
@@ -76,5 +77,27 @@ abstract class ObjectDefinition(private val objectId: Int) extends BasicDefiniti
     UnderwaterLifespan()
   }
 
+  private var serverSplashTargetsCentroid: Boolean = false
+
+  def ServerSplashTargetsCentroid: Boolean = serverSplashTargetsCentroid
+
+  def ServerSplashTargetsCentroid_=(splash: Boolean): Boolean = {
+    serverSplashTargetsCentroid = splash
+    ServerSplashTargetsCentroid
+  }
+
+  private var serverGeometry: Any => Geometry3D = GeometryForm.representByPoint()
+
+  def Geometry: Any => Geometry3D = if (ServerSplashTargetsCentroid) {
+    serverGeometry
+  } else {
+    GeometryForm.representByPoint()
+  }
+
+  def Geometry_=(func: Any => Geometry3D): Any => Geometry3D = {
+    serverGeometry = func
+    Geometry
+  }
+
   def ObjectId: Int = objectId
 }
diff --git a/src/main/scala/net/psforever/objects/geometry/Closest.scala b/src/main/scala/net/psforever/objects/geometry/Closest.scala
index 397a7d247..4b3dc6ebb 100644
--- a/src/main/scala/net/psforever/objects/geometry/Closest.scala
+++ b/src/main/scala/net/psforever/objects/geometry/Closest.scala
@@ -6,9 +6,9 @@ import net.psforever.types.Vector3
 object Closest {
   object Distance {
     def apply(point : Vector3, seg : Segment2D) : Float = {
-      val segdx = seg.bx - seg.ax
-      val segdy = seg.by - seg.ay
-      ((point.x - seg.ax) * segdx + (point.y - seg.ay) * segdy) /
+      val segdx = seg.p2.x - seg.p1.x
+      val segdy = seg.p2.y - seg.p1.y
+      ((point.x - seg.p1.x) * segdx + (point.y - seg.p1.y) * segdy) /
       Vector3.MagnitudeSquared(Vector3(segdx, segdy, 0))
     }
 
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ object Closest {
       } else {
         math.abs(
           Vector3.DotProduct(
-            Vector3(line2.x - line1.x, line2.y - line1.y, 0),
+            Vector3(line2.p.x - line1.p.x, line2.p.y - line1.p.y, 0),
             Vector3(-1/line1.d.y, 1/line1.d.x, 0)
           )
         )
@@ -29,10 +29,10 @@ object Closest {
       if (Intersection.Test(seg1, seg2)) { //intersecting line segments
         0f
       } else {
-        val v1a = Vector3(seg1.ax, seg1.ay, 0)
-        val v2a = Vector3(seg2.ax, seg2.ay, 0)
-        val v1b = Vector3(seg1.bx, seg1.by, 0)
-        val v2b = Vector3(seg2.bx, seg2.by, 0)
+        val v1a = Vector3(seg1.p1.x, seg1.p1.y, 0)
+        val v2a = Vector3(seg2.p1.x, seg2.p1.y, 0)
+        val v1b = Vector3(seg1.p2.x, seg1.p2.y, 0)
+        val v2b = Vector3(seg2.p2.x, seg2.p2.y, 0)
         math.min(
           apply(v1a, seg2),
           math.min(
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ object Closest {
     }
 
     def apply(c1: Circle, c2 : Circle): Float = {
-      math.max(0, Vector3.Magnitude(Vector3(c1.x - c2.x, c1.y - c2.y, 0)) - c1.radius - c2.radius)
+      math.max(0, Vector3.Magnitude(Vector3(c1.p.x - c2.p.x, c1.p.y - c2.p.y, 0)) - c1.radius - c2.radius)
     }
 
     /**
@@ -62,12 +62,12 @@ object Closest {
       val cross = Vector3.CrossProduct(line1.d, line2.d)
       if(cross != Vector3.Zero) {
         math.abs(
-          Vector3.DotProduct(cross, Vector3(line1.x - line2.x, line1.y - line2.y, line1.z - line2.z))
+          Vector3.DotProduct(cross, Vector3(line1.p.x - line2.p.x, line1.p.y - line2.p.y, line1.p.z - line2.p.z))
         ) / Vector3.Magnitude(cross)
       } else {
         // lines are parallel or coincidental
         // construct a right triangle with one leg on line1 and the hypotenuse between the line's known points
-        val hypotenuse = Vector3(line2.x - line1.x, line2.y - line1.y, line2.z - line1.z)
+        val hypotenuse = Vector3(line2.p.x - line1.p.x, line2.p.y - line1.p.y, line2.p.z - line1.p.z)
         val legOnLine1 = line1.d * Vector3.DotProduct(hypotenuse, line1.d)
         Vector3.Magnitude(hypotenuse - legOnLine1)
       }
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ object Closest {
     }
 
     def apply(s1: Sphere, s2 : Sphere): Float = {
-      math.max(0, Vector3.Magnitude(Vector3(s1.x - s2.x, s1.y - s2.y, s1.z - s2.z)) - s1.radius - s2.radius)
+      math.max(0, Vector3.Magnitude(Vector3(s1.p.x - s2.p.x, s1.p.y - s2.p.y, s1.p.z - s2.p.z)) - s1.radius - s2.radius)
     }
   }
 
@@ -97,9 +97,9 @@ object Closest {
     def apply(c1 : Circle, c2 : Circle): Option[Segment2D] = {
       val distance = Distance(c1, c2)
       if (distance > 0) {
-        val c1x = c1.x
-        val c1y = c1.y
-        val v = Vector3.Unit(Vector3(c2.x - c1x, c2.y - c1y, 0f))
+        val c1x = c1.p.x
+        val c1y = c1.p.y
+        val v = Vector3.Unit(Vector3(c2.p.x - c1x, c2.p.y - c1y, 0f))
         val c1d = v * c1.radius
         val c2d = v * c2.radius
         Some(
@@ -122,8 +122,8 @@ object Closest {
       *         `None`, if the lines intersect with each other
       */
     def apply(line1 : Line3D, line2 : Line3D): Option[Segment3D] = {
-      val p1 = Vector3(line1.x, line1.y, line1.z)
-      val p3 = Vector3(line2.x, line2.y, line2.z)
+      val p1 = Vector3(line1.p.x, line1.p.y, line1.p.z)
+      val p3 = Vector3(line2.p.x, line2.p.y, line2.p.z)
       val p13 = p1 - p3 // vector between point on first line and point on second line
       val p43 = line2.d
       val p21 = line1.d
@@ -141,12 +141,12 @@ object Closest {
           if (p21 == p13u || p21 == Vector3.neg(p13u)) { //coincidental lines overlap / intersect
             None
           } else { //parallel lines
-            val connecting = Vector3(line2.x - line1.x, line2.y - line1.y, line2.z - line1.z)
+            val connecting = Vector3(line2.p.x - line1.p.x, line2.p.y - line1.p.y, line2.p.z - line1.p.z)
             val legOnLine1 = line1.d * Vector3.DotProduct(connecting, line1.d)
             val v = connecting - legOnLine1
             Some(Segment3D(
-              line1.x, line1.y, line1.z,
-              line1.x + v.x, line1.y + v.y, line1.z + v.z
+              line1.p.x, line1.p.y, line1.p.z,
+              line1.p.x + v.x, line1.p.y + v.y, line1.p.z + v.z
             ))
           }
         } else {
@@ -169,25 +169,25 @@ object Closest {
     def apply(line1 : Segment3D, line2 : Segment3D): Option[Segment3D] = {
       val uline1 =  Vector3.Unit(line1.d)
       val uline2 =  Vector3.Unit(line2.d)
-      apply(Line3D(line1.ax, line1.ay, line1.az, uline1), Line3D(line2.ax, line2.ay, line2.az, uline2)) match {
+      apply(Line3D(line1.p1.x, line1.p1.y, line1.p1.z, uline1), Line3D(line2.p1.x, line2.p1.y, line2.p1.z, uline2)) match {
         case Some(seg: Segment3D) => // common skew lines and parallel lines
-          val sega = Vector3(seg.ax, seg.ay, seg.az)
-          val p1 = Vector3(line1.ax, line1.ay, line1.az)
+          val sega = Vector3(seg.p1.x, seg.p1.y, seg.p1.z)
+          val p1 = Vector3(line1.p1.x, line1.p1.y, line1.p1.z)
           val d1 = sega - p1
           val out1 = if (!Geometry.equalVectors(Vector3.Unit(d1), uline1)) { //clamp seg.a(xyz) to segment line1's bounds
             p1
           } else if (Vector3.MagnitudeSquared(d1) > Vector3.MagnitudeSquared(line1.d)) {
-            Vector3(line1.bx, line1.by, line1.bz)
+            Vector3(line1.p2.x, line1.p2.y, line1.p2.z)
           } else {
             sega
           }
-          val segb = Vector3(seg.bx, seg.by, seg.bz)
-          val p2 = Vector3(line2.ax, line2.ay, line2.az)
+          val segb = Vector3(seg.p2.x, seg.p2.y, seg.p2.z)
+          val p2 = Vector3(line2.p1.x, line2.p1.y, line2.p1.z)
           val d2 = segb - p2
           val out2 = if (!Geometry.equalVectors(Vector3.Unit(d2), uline2)) { //clamp seg.b(xyz) to segment line2's bounds
             p2
           } else if (Vector3.MagnitudeSquared(d2) > Vector3.MagnitudeSquared(line2.d)) {
-            Vector3(line2.bx, line2.by, line2.bz)
+            Vector3(line2.p2.x, line2.p2.y, line2.p2.z)
           } else {
             segb
           }
@@ -196,19 +196,19 @@ object Closest {
             out2.x, out2.y, out2.z
           ))
         case None =>
-          val connectingU = Vector3.Unit(Vector3(line2.ax - line1.ax, line2.ay - line1.ay, line2.az - line1.az))
+          val connectingU = Vector3.Unit(Vector3(line2.p1.x - line1.p1.x, line2.p1.y - line1.p1.y, line2.p1.z - line1.p1.z))
           if (uline1 == connectingU || uline1 == Vector3.neg(connectingU)) { // coincidental line segments
-            val line1a = Vector3(line1.ax, line1.ay, line1.az)
-            val line1b = Vector3(line1.bx, line1.by, line1.bz)
-            val line2a = Vector3(line2.ax, line2.ay, line2.az)
-            val line2b = Vector3(line2.bx, line2.by, line2.bz)
+            val line1a = Vector3(line1.p1.x, line1.p1.y, line1.p1.z)
+            val line1b = Vector3(line1.p2.x, line1.p2.y, line1.p2.z)
+            val line2a = Vector3(line2.p1.x, line2.p1.y, line2.p1.z)
+            val line2b = Vector3(line2.p2.x, line2.p2.y, line2.p2.z)
             if (Vector3.Unit(line2a - line1a) != Vector3.Unit(line2b - line1a) ||
                 Vector3.Unit(line2a - line1b) != Vector3.Unit(line2b - line1b) ||
                 Vector3.Unit(line1a - line2a) != Vector3.Unit(line1b - line2a) ||
                 Vector3.Unit(line1a - line2b) != Vector3.Unit(line1b - line2b)) {
               Some(Segment3D(
-                line1.ax, line1.ay, line1a.z,
-                line1.ax, line1.ay, line1a.z
+                line1.p1.x, line1.p1.y, line1a.z,
+                line1.p1.x, line1.p1.y, line1a.z
               )) // overlap regions
             }
             else {
@@ -245,10 +245,10 @@ object Closest {
     def apply(s1 : Sphere, s2 : Sphere): Option[Segment3D] = {
       val distance = Distance(s1, s2)
       if (distance > 0) {
-        val s1x = s1.x
-        val s1y = s1.y
-        val s1z = s1.z
-        val v = Vector3.Unit(Vector3(s2.x - s1x, s2.y - s1y, s2.z - s1z))
+        val s1x = s1.p.x
+        val s1y = s1.p.y
+        val s1z = s1.p.z
+        val v = Vector3.Unit(Vector3(s2.p.x - s1x, s2.p.y - s1y, s2.p.z - s1z))
         val s1d = v * s1.radius
         val s2d = v * (s1.radius + distance)
         Some(Segment3D(s1x + s1d.x, s1y + s1d.y, s1y + s1d.y, s1x + s2d.x, s1y + s2d.y, s1y + s2d.y))
@@ -258,8 +258,8 @@ object Closest {
     }
 
     def apply(line : Line3D, sphere : Sphere): Option[Segment3D] = {
-      val sphereAsPoint = Vector3(sphere.x, sphere.y, sphere.z)
-      val lineAsPoint = Vector3(line.x, line.y, line.z)
+      val sphereAsPoint = Vector3(sphere.p.x, sphere.p.y, sphere.p.z)
+      val lineAsPoint = Vector3(line.p.x, line.p.y, line.p.z)
       val direct = sphereAsPoint - lineAsPoint
       val projectionOfDirect = line.d * Vector3.DotProduct(direct, line.d)
       val heightFromProjection = projectionOfDirect - direct
diff --git a/src/main/scala/net/psforever/objects/geometry/Geometry.scala b/src/main/scala/net/psforever/objects/geometry/Geometry.scala
index 1a679d02d..3cd47c061 100644
--- a/src/main/scala/net/psforever/objects/geometry/Geometry.scala
+++ b/src/main/scala/net/psforever/objects/geometry/Geometry.scala
@@ -3,6 +3,30 @@ package net.psforever.objects.geometry
 
 import net.psforever.types.Vector3
 
+trait PrimitiveGeometry {
+  def center: Point
+
+  def pointOnOutside(line: Line) : Point = pointOnOutside(line.d)
+
+  def pointOnOutside(v: Vector3) : Point
+}
+
+trait Geometry2D extends PrimitiveGeometry {
+  def center: Point2D
+
+  def pointOnOutside(v: Vector3): Point2D = center
+}
+
+trait Geometry3D extends PrimitiveGeometry {
+  def center: Point3D
+
+  def pointOnOutside(v: Vector3): Point3D = center
+}
+
+trait Point {
+  def asVector3: Vector3
+}
+
 trait Slope {
   def d: Vector3
 
@@ -15,52 +39,186 @@ trait Line extends Slope {
     mag - 0.05f < 1f && mag + 0.05f > 1f
   }, "not a unit vector")
 
+  def p: Point
+
   def length: Float = Float.PositiveInfinity
 }
 
 trait Segment extends Slope {
+  def p1: Point
+
+  def p2: Point
+
   def length: Float = Vector3.Magnitude(d)
+
+  def asLine: PrimitiveGeometry
 }
 
-final case class Line2D(x: Float, y: Float, d: Vector3) extends Line
+final case class Point2D(x: Float, y: Float) extends Geometry2D with Point {
+  def center: Point2D = this
+
+  def asVector3: Vector3 = Vector3(x, y, 0)
+}
+
+object Point2D {
+  def apply(): Point2D = Point2D(0, 0)
+
+  def apply(v: Vector3): Point2D = Point2D(v.x, v.y)
+}
+
+final case class Ray2D(p: Point2D, d: Vector3) extends Geometry2D with Line {
+  def center: Point2D = p
+}
+
+object Ray2D {
+  def apply(x: Float, y: Float, d: Vector3): Ray2D = Ray2D(Point2D(x, y), d)
+}
+
+final case class Line2D(p: Point2D, d: Vector3) extends Geometry2D with Line {
+  def center: Point2D = p
+}
 
 object Line2D {
+  def apply(ax: Float, ay: Float, d: Vector3): Line2D = {
+    Line2D(Point2D(ax, ay), d)
+  }
+
   def apply(ax: Float, ay: Float, bx: Float, by: Float): Line2D = {
-    Line2D(ax, ay, Vector3.Unit(Vector3(bx-ax, by-ay, 0)))
+    Line2D(Point2D(ax, ay), Vector3.Unit(Vector3(bx-ax, by-ay, 0)))
+  }
+
+  def apply(p1: Point2D, p2: Point2D): Line2D = {
+    Line2D(p1, Vector3.Unit(Vector3(p2.x-p1.x, p2.y-p1.y, 0)))
   }
 }
 
-final case class Segment2D(ax: Float, ay: Float, bx: Float, by: Float) extends Segment {
-  def d: Vector3 = Vector3(bx - ax, by - ay, 0)
+final case class Segment2D(p1: Point2D, p2: Point2D) extends Geometry2D with Segment {
+  def center: Point2D = Point2D(d * 0.5f)
+
+  def d: Vector3 = p2.asVector3 - p1.asVector3
+
+  def asLine: Line2D = Line2D(p1, Vector3.Unit(d))
 }
 
 object Segment2D {
-  def apply(x: Float, y: Float, z: Float, d: Vector3): Segment2D = {
+  def apply(ax: Float, ay: Float, bx: Float, by: Float): Segment2D = {
+    Segment2D(Point2D(ax, ay), Point2D(bx, by))
+  }
+
+  def apply(x: Float, y: Float, d: Vector3): Segment2D = {
     Segment2D(x, y, x + d.x, y + d.y)
   }
 }
 
-final case class Circle(x: Float, y: Float, radius: Float)
+final case class Circle(p: Point2D, radius: Float) extends Geometry2D {
+  def center : Point2D = p
 
-object Circle {
-  def apply(radius: Float): Circle = Circle(0f, 0f, radius)
-}
-
-final case class Line3D(x: Float, y: Float, z: Float, d: Vector3) extends Line
-
-final case class Segment3D(ax: Float, ay: Float, az: Float, bx: Float, by: Float, bz: Float) extends Segment {
-  def d: Vector3 = Vector3(bx - ax, by - ay, bz - az)
-}
-
-object Segment3D {
-  def apply(x: Float, y: Float, z: Float, d: Vector3): Segment3D = {
-    Segment3D(x, y, z, z+d.x, y+d.y, z+d.z)
+  override def pointOnOutside(v: Vector3) : Point2D = {
+    val slope = Vector3.Unit(v)
+    val pointOnRim = p.asVector3 + slope * radius
+    Point2D(pointOnRim.x, pointOnRim.y)
   }
 }
 
-final case class Sphere(x: Float, y: Float, z: Float, radius: Float)
+object Circle {
+  def apply(radius: Float): Circle = Circle(Point2D(), radius)
 
-final case class Cylinder(circle: Circle, z: Float, height: Float)
+  def apply(x: Float, y: Float, radius: Float): Circle = Circle(Point2D(x, y), radius)
+}
+
+
+final case class Point3D(x: Float, y: Float, z: Float) extends Geometry3D with Point {
+  def center: Point3D = this
+
+  def asVector3: Vector3 = Vector3(x, y, z)
+}
+
+object Point3D {
+  def apply(): Point3D = Point3D(0,0,0)
+
+  def apply(v: Vector3): Point3D = Point3D(v.x, v.y, v.z)
+}
+
+final case class Ray3D(p: Point3D, d: Vector3) extends Geometry3D with Line {
+  def center: Point3D = p
+}
+
+object Ray3D {
+  def apply(x: Float, y: Float, z: Float, d: Vector3): Ray3D = Ray3D(Point3D(x,y,z), d)
+}
+
+final case class Line3D(p: Point3D, d: Vector3) extends Geometry3D with Line {
+  def center: Point3D = p
+}
+
+object Line3D {
+  def apply(x: Float, y: Float, z: Float, d: Vector3): Line3D = {
+    Line3D(Point3D(x,y,z), d)
+  }
+
+  def apply(ax: Float, ay: Float, az: Float, bx: Float, by: Float, bz: Float): Line3D = {
+    Line3D(Point3D(ax, ay, az), Vector3.Unit(Vector3(bx-ax, by-ay, bz-az)))
+  }
+
+  def apply(p1: Point3D, p2: Point3D): Line3D = {
+    Line3D(p1, Vector3.Unit(Vector3(p2.x-p1.x, p2.y-p1.y, p2.z-p1.z)))
+  }
+}
+
+final case class Segment3D(p1: Point3D, p2: Point3D) extends Geometry3D with Segment {
+  def center: Point3D = Point3D(d * 0.5f)
+
+  def d: Vector3 = p2.asVector3 - p1.asVector3
+
+  def asLine: Line3D = Line3D(p1, Vector3.Unit(d))
+}
+
+object Segment3D {
+  def apply(ax: Float, ay: Float, az: Float, bx: Float, by: Float, bz: Float): Segment3D = {
+    Segment3D(Point3D(ax, ay, az), Point3D(bx, by, bz))
+  }
+
+  def apply(x: Float, y: Float, z: Float, d: Vector3): Segment3D = {
+    Segment3D(Point3D(x, y, z), Point3D(x + d.x, y + d.y, z + d.z))
+  }
+}
+
+final case class Sphere(p: Point3D, radius: Float) extends Geometry3D {
+  def center: Point3D = p
+
+  override def pointOnOutside(v: Vector3): Point3D = {
+    val slope = Vector3.Unit(v)
+    val mult = radius / math.sqrt(slope.x * slope.x + slope.y * slope.y + slope.z * slope.z)
+    val pointOnSurface = center.asVector3 + slope * mult.toFloat
+    Point3D(pointOnSurface.x, pointOnSurface.y, pointOnSurface.z)
+  }
+}
+
+object Sphere {
+  def apply(radius: Float): Sphere = Sphere(Point3D(), radius)
+
+  def apply(x: Float, y: Float, z: Float, radius: Float): Sphere = Sphere(Point3D(x,y,z), radius)
+
+  def apply(v: Vector3, radius: Float): Sphere = Sphere(Point3D(v), radius)
+}
+
+final case class Cylinder(circle: Circle, z: Float, height: Float) extends Geometry3D {
+  def center: Point3D = Point3D(circle.p.x, circle.p.y, z + height * 0.5f)
+
+  override def pointOnOutside(v: Vector3): Point3D = {
+    val centerVector = center.asVector3
+    val slope = Vector3.Unit(v)
+    val mult = circle.radius / math.sqrt(slope.x * slope.x + slope.y * slope.y)
+    val pointOnRim = centerVector + slope * mult.toFloat
+    val point = if (z >= pointOnRim.z && pointOnRim.z <= height) { //side
+      pointOnRim
+    } else { //top or base
+      val rise = height * 0.5f / slope.z
+      centerVector + slope * rise
+    }
+    Point3D(point.x, point.y, point.z)
+  }
+}
 
 object Cylinder {
   def apply(x: Float, y: Float, z: Float, radius: Float, height: Float): Cylinder = {
@@ -68,10 +226,6 @@ object Cylinder {
   }
 }
 
-object Sphere {
-  def apply(p: Vector3, radius: Float): Sphere = Sphere(p.x, p.y, p.z, radius)
-}
-
 object Geometry {
   def equalFloats(value1: Float, value2: Float, off: Float = 0.001f): Boolean = {
     val diff = value1 - value2
diff --git a/src/main/scala/net/psforever/objects/geometry/GeometryForm.scala b/src/main/scala/net/psforever/objects/geometry/GeometryForm.scala
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3b053916e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/main/scala/net/psforever/objects/geometry/GeometryForm.scala
@@ -0,0 +1,113 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2021 PSForever
+package net.psforever.objects.geometry
+
+import net.psforever.objects.ballistics.{PlayerSource, SourceEntry}
+import net.psforever.objects.{GlobalDefinitions, PlanetSideGameObject, Player}
+import net.psforever.types.ExoSuitType
+
+object GeometryForm {
+  /** this point can not be used for purposes of geometric representation */
+  lazy val invalidPoint: Point3D     = Point3D(Float.MinValue, Float.MinValue, Float.MinValue)
+  /** this circle can not be used for purposes of geometric representation */
+  lazy val invalidCircle: Circle     = Circle(Point2D(invalidPoint.asVector3), 0)
+  /** this cylinder can not be used for purposes of geometric representation */
+  lazy val invalidCylinder: Cylinder = Cylinder(invalidCircle, Float.MinValue, 0)
+
+  /**
+    * The geometric representation is the entity's centroid.
+    * @param o the entity
+    * @return the representation
+    */
+  def representByPoint()(o: Any): Geometry3D = {
+    o match {
+      case p: PlanetSideGameObject => Point3D(p.Position)
+      case s: SourceEntry          => Point3D(s.Position)
+      case _                       => invalidPoint
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+    * The geometric representation is the a sphere around the entity's centroid.
+    * @param radius how wide a hemisphere is
+    * @param o the entity
+    * @return the representation
+    */
+  def representBySphere(radius: Float)(o: Any): Geometry3D = {
+    o match {
+      case p: PlanetSideGameObject => Sphere(p.Position, radius)
+      case s: SourceEntry          => Sphere(s.Position, radius)
+      case _                       => Sphere(invalidPoint, radius)
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+    * The geometric representation is the a cylinder around the entity's base.
+    * @param radius half the distance across
+    * @param height how tall the cylinder is (the distance of the top to the base)
+    * @param o the entity
+    * @return the representation
+    */
+  def representByCylinder(radius: Float, height: Float)(o: Any): Geometry3D = {
+    o match {
+      case p: PlanetSideGameObject => Cylinder(Circle(p.Position.x, p.Position.y, radius), p.Position.z, height)
+      case s: SourceEntry          => Cylinder(Circle(s.Position.x, s.Position.y, radius), s.Position.z, height)
+      case _                       => invalidCylinder
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+    * The geometric representation is the a cylinder around the entity's base
+    * if the target represents a player entity.
+    * @param radius a measure of the player's bulk
+    * @param o the entity
+    * @return the representation
+    */
+  def representPlayerByCylinder(radius: Float)(o: Any): Geometry3D = {
+    o match {
+      case p: Player =>
+        val radialOffset = if(p.ExoSuit == ExoSuitType.MAX) 0.25f else 0f
+        Cylinder(
+          Circle(p.Position.x, p.Position.y, radius + radialOffset),
+          p.Position.z,
+          GlobalDefinitions.MaxDepth(p)
+        )
+      case p: PlayerSource =>
+        val radialOffset = if(p.ExoSuit == ExoSuitType.MAX) 0.25f else 0f
+        Cylinder(
+          Circle(p.Position.x, p.Position.y, radius + radialOffset),
+          p.Position.z,
+          GlobalDefinitions.avatar.MaxDepth
+        )
+      case _ =>
+        invalidCylinder
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+    * The geometric representation is the a cylinder around the entity's base
+    * as if the target is displaced from the ground at an expected (fixed?) distance.
+    * @param radius half the distance across
+    * @param height how tall the cylinder is (the distance of the top to the base)
+    * @param hoversAt how far off the base coordinates the actual cylinder begins
+    * @param o the entity
+    * @return the representation
+    */
+  def representHoveringEntityByCylinder(radius: Float, height: Float, hoversAt: Float)(o: Any): Geometry3D = {
+    o match {
+      case p: PlanetSideGameObject =>
+        Cylinder(
+          Circle(p.Position.x, p.Position.y, radius),
+          p.Position.z + hoversAt,
+          height
+        )
+      case s: SourceEntry =>
+        Cylinder(
+          Circle(s.Position.x, s.Position.y, radius),
+          s.Position.z + hoversAt,
+          height
+        )
+      case _ =>
+        invalidCylinder
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/src/main/scala/net/psforever/objects/geometry/Intersection.scala b/src/main/scala/net/psforever/objects/geometry/Intersection.scala
index a2e2834c7..cda1f31c9 100644
--- a/src/main/scala/net/psforever/objects/geometry/Intersection.scala
+++ b/src/main/scala/net/psforever/objects/geometry/Intersection.scala
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ object Intersection {
     def apply(line1: Line2D, line2: Line2D): Boolean = {
       line1.d != line2.d || {
         //parallel or antiparallel?
-        val u = Vector3.Unit(Vector3(line2.x - line1.x, line2.y - line1.y, 0))
+        val u = Vector3.Unit(Vector3(line2.p.x - line1.p.x, line2.p.y - line1.p.y, 0))
         u == Vector3.Zero || line1.d == u || line1.d == Vector3.neg(u)
       }
     }
@@ -59,14 +59,14 @@ object Intersection {
       */
     def apply(line1: Segment2D, line2: Segment2D): Boolean = {
       //setup
-      val ln1ax = line1.ax
-      val ln1ay = line1.ay
-      val ln1bx = line1.bx
-      val ln1by = line1.by
-      val ln2ax = line2.ax
-      val ln2ay = line2.ay
-      val ln2bx = line2.bx
-      val ln2by = line2.by
+      val ln1ax = line1.p1.x
+      val ln1ay = line1.p1.y
+      val ln1bx = line1.p2.x
+      val ln1by = line1.p2.y
+      val ln2ax = line2.p1.x
+      val ln2ay = line2.p1.y
+      val ln2bx = line2.p2.x
+      val ln2by = line2.p2.y
       val ln1_ln2a = orientationOfPoints(ln1ax, ln1ay, ln1bx, ln1by, ln2ax, ln2ay)
       val ln1_ln2b = orientationOfPoints(ln1ax, ln1ay, ln1bx, ln1by, ln2bx, ln2by)
       val ln2_ln1a = orientationOfPoints(ln2ax, ln2ay, ln2bx, ln2by, ln1ax, ln1ay)
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ object Intersection {
     }
 
     def apply(c1: Circle, c2 : Circle): Boolean = {
-      Vector3.Magnitude(Vector3(c1.x - c2.x, c1.y - c2.y, 0)) <= c1.radius + c2.radius
+      Vector3.Magnitude(Vector3(c1.p.x - c2.p.x, c1.p.y - c2.p.y, 0)) <= c1.radius + c2.radius
     }
 
     /**
@@ -111,9 +111,9 @@ object Intersection {
     def apply(s1: Sphere, s2 : Sphere): Boolean = {
       Vector3.Magnitude(
         Vector3(
-          s1.x - s2.x,
-          s1.y - s2.y,
-          s1.z - s2.z
+          s1.p.x - s2.p.x,
+          s1.p.y - s2.p.y,
+          s1.p.z - s2.p.z
         )
       ) <= s1.radius + s2.radius
     }
@@ -128,17 +128,17 @@ object Intersection {
       val cylinderCircleRadius = cylinderCircle.radius
       val cylinderTop = cylinder.z + cylinder.height
       val sphereRadius = sphere.radius
-      val sphereBase = sphere.z - sphereRadius
-      val sphereTop = sphere.z + sphereRadius
-      if (apply(cylinderCircle, Circle(sphere.x, sphere.y, sphereRadius)) &&
+      val sphereBase = sphere.p.z - sphereRadius
+      val sphereTop = sphere.p.z + sphereRadius
+      if (apply(cylinderCircle, Circle(sphere.p.x, sphere.p.y, sphereRadius)) &&
           ((sphereTop >= cylinder.z && sphereBase <= cylinderTop) ||
            (cylinderTop >= sphereBase && cylinder.z <= sphereTop))) {
         // potential intersection ...
-        val sphereAsPoint = Vector3(sphere.x, sphere.y, sphere.z)
-        val cylinderAsPoint = Vector3(cylinderCircle.x, cylinderCircle.y, cylinder.z)
+        val sphereAsPoint = Vector3(sphere.p.x, sphere.p.y, sphere.p.z)
+        val cylinderAsPoint = Vector3(cylinderCircle.p.x, cylinderCircle.p.y, cylinder.z)
         val segmentFromCylinderToSphere = sphereAsPoint - cylinderAsPoint
         val segmentFromCylinderToSphereXY = segmentFromCylinderToSphere.xy
-        if ((cylinder.z <= sphere.z && sphere.z <= cylinderTop) ||
+        if ((cylinder.z <= sphere.p.z && sphere.p.z <= cylinderTop) ||
             Vector3.MagnitudeSquared(segmentFromCylinderToSphereXY) <= cylinderCircleRadius * cylinderCircleRadius) {
           true // top or bottom of sphere, or widest part of the sphere, must interact with the cylinder
         } else {
diff --git a/src/main/scala/net/psforever/objects/vital/etc/ExplodingEntityReason.scala b/src/main/scala/net/psforever/objects/vital/etc/ExplodingEntityReason.scala
index 7e652ff13..af266474b 100644
--- a/src/main/scala/net/psforever/objects/vital/etc/ExplodingEntityReason.scala
+++ b/src/main/scala/net/psforever/objects/vital/etc/ExplodingEntityReason.scala
@@ -5,10 +5,11 @@ import net.psforever.objects.PlanetSideGameObject
 import net.psforever.objects.ballistics.SourceEntry
 import net.psforever.objects.definition.ObjectDefinition
 import net.psforever.objects.vital.{Vitality, VitalityDefinition}
-import net.psforever.objects.vital.base.{DamageReason, DamageResolution}
-import net.psforever.objects.vital.interaction.DamageResult
+import net.psforever.objects.vital.base.{DamageModifiers, DamageReason, DamageResolution}
+import net.psforever.objects.vital.interaction.{DamageInteraction, DamageResult}
 import net.psforever.objects.vital.prop.DamageWithPosition
 import net.psforever.objects.vital.resolution.DamageAndResistance
+import net.psforever.objects.zones.Zone
 
 /**
   * A wrapper for a "damage source" in damage calculations
@@ -48,3 +49,48 @@ final case class ExplodingEntityReason(
   /** the entity that exploded is the source of the damage */
   override def attribution: Int = definition.ObjectId
 }
+
+object ExplodingDamageModifiers {
+  trait Mod extends DamageModifiers.Mod {
+    def calculate(damage : Int, data : DamageInteraction, cause : DamageReason) : Int = {
+      cause match {
+        case o: ExplodingEntityReason => calculate(damage, data, o)
+        case _ => damage
+      }
+    }
+
+    def calculate(damage : Int, data : DamageInteraction, cause : ExplodingEntityReason) : Int
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+  * A variation of the normal radial damage degradation
+  * that uses the geometric representations of the exploding entity and of the affected target
+  * in its calculations that determine the distance between them.
+  * @see `DamageModifierFunctions.RadialDegrade`
+  */
+case object ExplodingRadialDegrade extends ExplodingDamageModifiers.Mod {
+  def calculate(damage: Int, data: DamageInteraction, cause: ExplodingEntityReason): Int = {
+    cause.source match {
+      case withPosition: DamageWithPosition =>
+        val distance  = math.sqrt(Zone.distanceCheck(
+          cause.entity.Definition.asInstanceOf[ObjectDefinition].Geometry(cause.entity),
+          data.target.Definition.Geometry(data.target)
+        ))
+        val radius    = withPosition.DamageRadius
+        val radiusMin = withPosition.DamageRadiusMin
+        if (distance <= radiusMin) {
+          damage
+        } else if (distance <= radius) {
+          //damage - (damage * profile.DamageAtEdge * (distance - radiusMin) / (radius - radiusMin)).toInt
+          val base = withPosition.DamageAtEdge
+          val radi = radius - radiusMin
+          (damage * ((1 - base) * ((radi - (distance - radiusMin)) / radi) + base)).toInt
+        } else {
+          0
+        }
+      case _ =>
+        damage
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/src/main/scala/net/psforever/objects/zones/Zone.scala b/src/main/scala/net/psforever/objects/zones/Zone.scala
index 8622ca769..b61a414f8 100644
--- a/src/main/scala/net/psforever/objects/zones/Zone.scala
+++ b/src/main/scala/net/psforever/objects/zones/Zone.scala
@@ -38,6 +38,7 @@ import akka.actor.typed
 import net.psforever.actors.session.AvatarActor
 import net.psforever.actors.zone.ZoneActor
 import net.psforever.objects.avatar.Avatar
+import net.psforever.objects.geometry.Geometry3D
 import net.psforever.objects.serverobject.PlanetSideServerObject
 import net.psforever.objects.serverobject.tube.SpawnTube
 import net.psforever.objects.vehicles.UtilityType
@@ -1175,7 +1176,7 @@ object Zone {
     * Two game entities are considered "near" each other if they are within a certain distance of one another.
     * A default function literal mainly used for `causesExplosion`.
     * @see `causeExplosion`
-    * @see `Vector3.DistanceSquare`
+    * @see `ObjectDefinition.Geometry`
     * @param obj1 a game entity
     * @param obj2 a game entity
     * @param maxDistance the square of the maximum distance permissible between game entities
@@ -1183,7 +1184,35 @@ object Zone {
     * @return `true`, if the target entities are near to each other;
     *        `false`, otherwise
     */
-  private def distanceCheck(obj1: PlanetSideGameObject, obj2: PlanetSideGameObject, maxDistance: Float): Boolean = {
-    Vector3.DistanceSquared(obj1.Position, obj2.Position) <= maxDistance
+  def distanceCheck(obj1: PlanetSideGameObject, obj2: PlanetSideGameObject, maxDistance: Float): Boolean = {
+    distanceCheck(obj1.Definition.Geometry(obj1), obj2.Definition.Geometry(obj2), maxDistance)
+  }
+  /**
+    * Two game entities are considered "near" each other if they are within a certain distance of one another.
+    * @param g1 the geometric representation of a game entity
+    * @param g2 the geometric representation of a game entity
+    * @param maxDistance    the square of the maximum distance permissible between game entities
+    *                       before they are no longer considered "near"
+    * @return `true`, if the target entities are near to each other;
+    *        `false`, otherwise
+    */
+  def distanceCheck(g1: Geometry3D, g2: Geometry3D, maxDistance: Float): Boolean = {
+    distanceCheck(g1, g2) <= maxDistance
+  }
+  /**
+    * Two game entities are considered "near" each other if they are within a certain distance of one another.
+    * @see `PrimitiveGeometry.pointOnOutside`
+    * @see `Vector3.DistanceSquared`
+    * @see `Vector3.neg`
+    * @see `Vector3.Unit`
+    * @param g1 the geometric representation of a game entity
+    * @param g2 the geometric representation of a game entity
+    * @return the crude distance between the two geometric representations
+    */
+  def distanceCheck(g1: Geometry3D, g2: Geometry3D): Float = {
+    val dir = Vector3.Unit(g2.center.asVector3 - g1.center.asVector3)
+    val point1 = g1.pointOnOutside(dir).asVector3
+    val point2 = g2.pointOnOutside(Vector3.neg(dir)).asVector3
+    Vector3.DistanceSquared(point1, point2)
   }
 }